One in three Americans don't seek needed healthcare due to costs.
CFOs are charged with doing everything they can to lower costs of care within their health systems. And yet, healthcare is still generally unaffordable for so many.
A recent study shows that Americans borrowed about $74 billion last year to pay for healthcare.
The report found that roughly 12% of U.S. adults (about 31 million) say they collectively borrowed an estimated $74 billion last year to pay for healthcare, either for themselves or a family member. Additionally, a majority of Americans, about 58%, say they are concerned they would experience medical debt if faced with any major health event.
Here are three strategies that CFOs can examine to help make healthcare more affordable for their communities.
Higher volumes, better reimbursement rates and more efficient labor spending helped the health system bounce back.
Providence has made an impressive rebound in its Q4 2024 reports.
The Seattle-based non-profit health system reported higher volumes, better reimbursement rates and more efficient labor spending, all of which helped to cut its 2024 operating losses nearly in half.
Earlier this month Providence reported an operating loss of $644 million (-2.1%) across 2024. This is a big improvement on the $1.17 billion operating loss, and a grim -4.1% operating margin, that the health system saw at the end of 2023. This loss included $183 million in “reconstruction costs related to asset rationalization, employee reductions and other items,” according to the report.
Across the health system, operating revenues grew 7% year over year to $30.7 billion (5% when excluding a $426 million net gain in the first quarter). The report highlighted that this growth was spread across all operating categories.
Net patient service revenues also grew, rising 7% due to improved rates and higher volumes. This was helped by a 3% decrease in acute patients’ length of stay “due to improved access to post-acute care.”
Pro forma operating EBITDA for fiscal year 2024 and deficit of revenues over expenses from operations, excluding restructuring costs, were $989 million and $461 million, respectively. This represented a $487 million improvement from the prior year and an improvement of close to $1 billion in the last two years.
This improvement comes despite several struggles throughout the year related to regulatory changes, strikes and lower-then-expected Medicare rate increases.
“Meanwhile, all core operating metrics continued to improve,” the report also noted. “Notably, agency spending was 70 % lower than the peak in 2022 and case mix adjusted length of stay returned to pre-pandemic levels.”
The system also saw robust investment gains of $488 million for fiscal year 2024, bringing total unrestricted cash and investments to $8.2 billion as of December 31, 2024.
“We are proud that Providence continues to serve more people in need year over year even as macroeconomic and regulatory pressures continue,” Providence CFO Greg Hoffman said in a press release. “While we have made significant progress on our renew and recovery strategies post-COVID, we are not taking it for granted and are practicing continued operational focus and discipline to ensure long-term sustainability, which will position the ministry to thrive for years to come.”
The Cost of Strikes
One of Providence’s biggest hurdles was its nurses’ strikes, which cost the health system an estimated $25 million a week for 2,000 replacement nurses to replace the more than 4,000 who went out on strike. The strike by nurses with the Oregon Nurses Association (ONA) against Providence began on January 7 and ended on February 24, 2025. Nurses were able to ratify their contracts, ending the strike that lasted nearly six weeks.
CFOs should note the costly repercussions of strikes and work to ensure they can be prevented. To avoid strikes, CFOs should prioritize a stable workforce by supporting employee well-being, and addressing burnout through tools and programs that benefit nurses and physicians in their daily tasks.
One in three Americans don't seek needed healthcare due to costs.
Healthcare is unaffordable. Shocking, right?
A recent report found that roughly 12% of U.S. adults (about 31 million) say they collectively borrowed an estimated $74 billion last year to pay for healthcare, either for themselves or a family member. Additionally, a majority of Americans, about 58%, say they are concerned they would experience medical debt if faced with any major health event.
The research, from a Gallup poll and the West Health Gallup Healthcare Affordability Index, finds that two groups are fueling this increase in medical debt. The percentage of adults aged 50 to 64 who can afford care dropped from 63% to 55%, while the number of adults 65 and older who can afford to pay for their care dropped from 79% to 71%, bringing the total percentage of Americans able to afford healthcare down to 55%, a new low and a six-point decline since 2022.
The study shows that about one in three Americans (about 72 million) don't seek needed healthcare due to costs. This includes an estimated 8.1 million Americans age 65 and older.
Further, almost one-third of Americans expressed concern about their ability to pay for needed prescriptions over the next year, jumping from 25% in 2022.
This research says a lot. Healthcare is generally unaffordable to many Americans but older Americans are the hardest hit. This, coupled with threats of Medicare and Medicaid cuts, paints a grim picture for public health. Americans owe at least $220 billion in medical debt, according to a KFF study.
The Health System Sponge
At the HealthLeaders 2025 Revenue Cycle Exchange, many executives expressed frustration with medical debt. When patients can't pay, and in light of new policies that take medical debt out of credit scores, providers take on the risk. It's not uncommon for health systems to wipe out medical debt instead of deploying more dollars to chase down these outstanding bills.
"Margins are getting thinner and thinner for hospitals as costs continue to rise," said Elena Barberwis, VP of Finance for both Trinity Health Holy Cross Health and St. Mary's Health Care System. "Prices continue to rise on drug costs. Things are not getting any cheaper, especially with inflation."
The CFO Playbook
CFOs are charged with doing everything they can to lower costs of care within their health systems. And yet, healthcare is still generally unaffordable for so many.
Healthcare needs more effective strategies, developed by both payers and providers.
The Payer's Part
A study from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners found that payer net income actually decreased 14%, from just over $18 billion to approximately $16 billion, for the first six months of 2024 compared to the same period last year. Despite that decrease, the health insurance industry recorded a 17% ($1 billion) increase in net investment income earned.
CFOs will need to work hard to ensure that when they enter a contract with a payer, the risk is more equalized. By pushing back on hardball payer tactics, CFOs can work toward care models that don't let the organization drown in losses when patients can't afford care in an unequal system.
Some strategies CFOs can use when working with payers:
Apply pressure: Don't accept poor performance for inadequate rates
Drive the narrative: Reinforce the need for partnership, patient care over profits
Communicate: Educate leaders, patients, referring physicians on challenges.
No Delegating: Payers try to siphon off leadership tasks to minimize their input. Don't let that happen.
Stay the course: Be patient
Review deliverables: Hold payers accountable. No two negotiations are the same.
Consider creating a national payer scorecard: Keep track of the reputations, strategies and tactics of every payer your organization does business with.
Reaching for Reform
This issue doesn't end with payers and better contracts. Healthcare executives need to recognize that reform must come from all departments.
CFOs should recognize their potential in the fight for healthcare reform. Cuts to Medicare and Medicaid would wreak havoc on an already struggling healthcare system. By using their position and voice to advocate for regulatory reform, CFOs can help drive the changes they want — and need — to see for their organizations. Without this vital tactic, reform for health systems finances will be slowed, and the possibility of it could disappear altogether.
The opioid epidemic has affected hospitals, both clinically and financially, for almost 30 years.
More than1,000 acute care hospitals will receive a share of $700 million as part of the settlement of class action lawsuits against several pharmaceutical companies accused of helping to cause the opioid abuse epidemic.
The agreement condenses four separate class-action settlements against Cencora (formerly AmerisourceBergen), Cardinal Health, McKesson, Johnson & Johnson, Teva and Allergan, among other defendants.
According to the lawsuit, the defendants either misrepresented the risks and safety precautions correlating to opioid use, did not properly examine suspicious orders or filled prescriptions that were not written for approved medical purposes.
For this settlement, the drug companies have agreed to pay $651 million in compensation “for the past and future costs for treatment of opioid abuse and community outreach programs to address the epidemic,” according to a press release from Burns Charest, the Dallas-based law firm representing the hospitals.
Additionally, another $49 million will be used to supply hospitals with Naloxone over the next seven years for opioid abuse treatments, according to the law firm.
Many lawsuits have been filed with relation to the epidemic. Notably, drug giant Purdue Pharma declared bankruptcy in 2019 after a slew of lawsuits. Even this year, settlements are still rolling out for the mayhem caused by the extremely addictive opioid Oxycontin..
For Hospitals: The providers eligible for this settlement generally consist of non-governmental acute care hospitals that treated patients diagnosed with an opioid-related condition between January 1, 2009, and October 30, 2024, according to the settlement website.
If a hospital submitted a valid claim by March 4, it is entitled to either a $5,000 “quick pay” or a higher amount based on more detailed documentation of the costs incurred.
A Light on Destruction
Hospitals have been greatly affected by the epidemic, which began in the 1990s as drugmakers flooded the market with opioid-based drugs. According to a 2021 study, the epidemic resulted in annual costs related to overdose, misuse and dependence of:
$35 billion in health care costs;
$14.8 billion in criminal justice costs; and
$92 billion in lost productivity
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 100,000 Americans died of an opioid overdose in 2021. Although opioid deaths have declined in recent years, the death toll still stood at roughly 83,000 as of September 2024.
Studies have shown that improving access to evidence-based treatments for OUD (opioid use disorder) has been associated with a savings of $25,000 to $105,000 per person in lifetime healthcare costs.
CFOs need to ensure they are calculating the cost of opioid care in their organizations and understanding how and where they can apply for reimbursement. They should also be working with clinicians to understand how this epidemic has an ongoing effect on hospitals, with regard to outcomes, care costs and other resources.
Many experts suggest that overcoming the opioid epidemic must have a collaborative healthcare approach. Health systems can look to participate and invest in partnerships, programs to evaluate and act on efforts to chip away at the opioid crisis.
CFOs are ready to invest and dive into new partnerships this year.
As we settle into 2025, healthcare organizations are prepped to take full advantage of a seemingly on-the-mend economy. With more cash on hand, better borrowing opportunities, and an abundance of cheaper AI options, 2025 is poised to bring more transformation opportunities for health systems.
Check out these three takeaways from the 2025 CFO Outlook Report.
A new study reveals where healthcare profits go and how it may be affecting the industry.
What may be a large contributor to high healthcare cost: excessive profits given to shareholders.
A study of publicly traded healthcare companies is uncovering just how much shareholder payouts, such as stock buybacks and dividends, have skyrocketed over the last two decades. These stock buybacks that the companies receive, in turn, increase the value of their remaining shares. Since 2001 these payouts have tripled, highlighting where the healthcare sector places its financial priorities.
The Study
The analysis, published in February by JAMA Internal Medicine, shared that over the last two decades shareholder payouts have increased a whopping 315% from $54 billion in 2001 to $170.2 billion in 2022. In total, the sum of shareholder payouts over that timeframe has reached $2.6 trillion. Victor Roy, lead researcher on the study, and assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, analyzed data from publicly listed healthcare companies on the S&P 500 between this timeframe. Roy found that just 19 of 92 companies accounted for over 80% of these total payouts.
On top of that, a research letter, co-authored by researchers from Yale University, then published by JAMA, found that S&P 500 healthcare companies allocated an average of 95% of net income to shareholders rather than reinvesting in affordability, research, or patient care.
"When shareholders expect greater payouts year in and year out, that has an impact on affordability," says Roy. "One of the ways that [health care companies] make money is to keep prices high—or raise them."
Profits Over Patients
Much of healthcare's dollars are misplaced and misused, as this study reveals. While researchers suggest that policymakers encourage healthcare dollars to be reinvested into patient care and limit share buybacks, this rarely seems to be the case.
When roughly 70% of U.S. healthcare spending is publicly funded through taxes and government programs, this study raises questions about how the financial choices of these healthcare giants affect those with less control over the system, i.e. patients and providers.
"Some might say, these are for-profit companies, so their goal is to make a profit," says Cary Gross, MD, senior author of the study and professor of medicine at Yale School of Medicine.
"Health care is a right, not a privilege," Gross continues. "You can choose when to buy a car. You can't choose to have a heart attack. As costs of care keep rising, it's crucial to ask where our health dollars are going."
What Can CFOs Do?
These findings highlight a massive, continuous issue with the modern healthcare system, and stands as another reason why CFOs and CEOs need to insert themselves in policy discussions. CFOs specifically are at crossroads of healthcare and financial acumen, and their voice is needed to not only paint the full picture of healthcare and its struggles for patients and providers, but also to fight for them.
If the industry continues with the mismanagement of healthcare dollars, it could dampen research progress, delay care, and generally make the healthcare system more expensive than it already is. Healthcare finance executives must recognize and embrace their potential as drivers of change.
For CFOs, the experts on healthcare and finances, the time to act on healthcare policy is now.
As the new year builds momentum, healthcare organizations are prepped to take full advantage of a seemingly on-the-mend economy. With more cash on hand, better borrowing opportunities, and an abundance of cheaper AI options, 2025 is poised to bring more transformation opportunities for health systems.
Defense to Offense
As many industry experts are expecting the economy to improve, healthcare companies are pressing the gas pedal on investments and partnerships. With stable economic conditions seemingly underway, many health systems are breaking out the cheque book to invest in new technology, namely AI, to improve care access and efficiency. With more AI options than ever coming in at lower prices than ever, these investments are now becoming even more accessible. Partnerships are also on the docket this year as more health systems look to collaborate and invest in partnerships and expansions to improve patient access and service offerings.
Here’s how the healthcare landscape is looking:
-72% of healthcare companies expect a revenue increase in 2025.
-57% of CFOs plan to pursue a transaction or partnership in the next year.
-86% say they’re investing as much or more in AI this year compared to 2024.
Many CFOs saw their health systems put in the work in 2024 to make improvements on key performance metrics such as cost management efforts. The report found that 59% of healthcare organizations have between 61-100 days of cash on hand, up 25% from last year. This coupled with returning patient volumes has set many health systems up well for 2025, and now many leaders are expecting better borrowing conditions in 2025. If this plays out, the industry could see many new expansions, partnerships and innovative projects take shape this year.
All In On AI
Remember when we said more health systems are geared up for savvy investments in 2025? Well, AI is still the top investment consideration, as more health systems look to balance innovative technology with robust cybersecurity measures.
According to the report, 100% of CFOs say they are investing in AI this year. When making these investments, health systems need to possess a strong balance of risk and opportunity. It's never a good idea to throw money at new technology without thoroughly examining how it will improve the organization.
"Our goal is not to replace our workforce with technology, but to help our workforce be more effective and efficient in doing their jobs, while also improving their experience when taking care of patients," says HealthLeaders Exchange member and Finance Director of AdventHealth Kaitlyn Anderson.
CFOs will need to ensure their organizations are implementing a balanced AI adoption by taking a long, hard look at developmental costs, determining market needs, and balancing utilization. This year, more CFOs are expecting to get involved in strategic technology discussions, meaning close collaborations with CTOs and CIOs.
AI dominated the discussions at both the VivE and HIMMS conferences this year, and healthcare executives are starting to realize that AI needs to be customized to each organization to gain the most value and truly make a difference. Specifically, generative AI is taking center stage and drawing the most attention from health systems.
Some findings from the report:
-31% of health systems are restricting access to generative AI chatbots due to data privacy concerns and legal complications.
-30% of health systems say they are partnering with external vendors/third parties to build or access generative AI solutions.
-20% say they are building a proprietary generative AI platform.
Who Doesn't Love a Partnership?
Many leaders have expressed optimism about the 2025 economic outlook and plan to take full advantage by engaging in more partnerships and transactions. From joint-ventures to expansions, according to the report 57% of CFOs say they plan to pursue a partnership or transaction in 2025.
However, CFOs should still exercise caution around borrowing options, as there is still the possibility of fewer federal interest rate cuts than expected, which could dampen some plans. One study even cited some surprising obstacles for hospital borrowing costs, specifically for the West Coast.
The report details that CFOs are leaning toward direct investments in home care, lifestyle centers, and virtual care in 2025. Convenience and patient-centered options will be in the spotlight as more health systems focus on value and wellness for their patients.
Overall, growth is the keyword here. Many health systems are looking to use 2025 to accelerate growth in any way that's feasible, especially through geographical expansions and facility/workforce growth.
The data:
-37% of health systems plan to increase hiring/headcount in 2025 (up 25% since 2024).
-21% are planning a geographical expansion (up 16% from 2024).
-47% have increased investment in U.S. expansion plans following the election.
CFOs have a lot to deal with, and sometimes minor items might fall through the cracks. From clinical waste inefficiencies to hefty non-clinical spend, see where CFOs can turn their attention to reduce costs.
Clinical Waste
From overtreatment like repetitive lab tests and duplicate imaging studies, to unnecessary medicine usage and care coordination failures, clinical waste can quickly devour a health system's budget.
Closely collaborate not only CMOs, but lead physicians and physician groups to develop a thorough understanding of where medical inefficiencies and clinical waste lie, and uncover clinical and financial stewardship opportunities.
Check out these resources for guidance on how CFOs can reduce clinical waste:
Financial leaders should ask themselves what adjustments can be made to their system’s most valuable, mission-critical areas.
The Revenue Cycle Management Technology Adoption Model is a free assessment tool that may be able to help health systems prioritize and adopt RCM tech to improve outcomes. Miguel Vigo, chief revenue officer at UC San Diego Health, shared the significant improvement he saw in his organization after using an RCM assessment tool, notably, the system’s point of service collections increased by over $2 million dollars in a single year.
Focus on realigning resources to the most valuable and critical parts of the organization, doing so can create a straightforward map towards solutions for CFOs’ biggest challenges.
Studies show that a hospital's nonclinical spending can climb as high as 30% of overall spending. Control the controllable. As inflation lingers, labor costs jump, and tariff threats loom, CFOs can examine their health system’s non-clinical spend to help reduce costs. From landscaping to signage, examine what items can find a lower price tag through different vendors and different business strategies. Minor items can quickly add up to bigger cost savings.
Check out this resource for guidance on how CFOs to reduce non-clinical spend:
It's a smoky situation for CFOs looking at the future of health system expansion.
Wildfires have been devastating the West recently, and according to climate data, it's not going to let up.
What does this have to do with healthcare CFOs? A lot, actually.
A new study is uncovering some surprising data on hospital costs. A new analysis conducted by a team that includes Sean Wilkoff, an assistant professor in the Finance Department of the College of Business at the University of Nevada, Reno, found that wildfire smoke is linked to higher borrowing costs for hospitals.
It plays out like this: If a hospital in this region issues, say, $90 million in bonds to finance a new building expansion or project, it probably would have an additional $1.6 million tacked on in interest costs due to smoke from wildfires.
"Municipal bond investors realize that wildfire smoke is a growing problem and one that will continue," Wilkoff said. "They have priced it into bonds."
Higher borrowing costs may also translate to higher daily costs over the next decade for health systems, hospitals and nursing homes in Western regions that grapple with intense wildfire smoke.
Other correlations between wildfire smoke and hospital finances are more apparent: Wildfires lead to several types of respiratory complications, like asthma and COPD. The industry will likely see a rise in these conditions in the West, but also possibly all across the country, as wildfire smoke can often travel hundreds of miles.
In 2024 alone there were over 60,000 fires that burned over 8 million acres.
Moreover, in low-income counties in this region, underinsured or underinsured patients may not be able to pay for the care needed for conditions caused by wildfires. This can disrupt hospital revenue and make it more difficult for these hospitals to repay borrowers.
A Double Whammy for Expansion
For health systems, (especially in the West) looking to build or expand, the timing may not be great. Between potential higher borrowing costs from wildfire smoke and hefty tariffs disrupting supply chains, CFOs may see the price to build jump higher and higher. According to a Black Book Research survey, the majority of healthcare leaders predict that costs will jump by at least 15% in the next six months from increased import expenses, including steel and other construction materials.
CFOs may have to prepare their budgets for both of these factors. Budgeting for tariffs will include diversifying supply chains as much as possible, and wildfires may simply mean preparing for the extra cost. For health systems looking to expand or build in the near future, CFOs will have to ensure efficient design and construction plans. Additionally, they can also explore different options for sustainable building practices and designs that can help lower costs. There's also the option to lease instead of constructing new buildings when appropriate.
Caring Communities
CFOs also need to consider the communities they serve and the unique struggles of those communities, whether environmental or socio-economic, because the two are often linked.
Many individuals facing climate change are lower income, more likely to be uninsured, and more likely to not have the financial option to relocate to safer areas. With this in mind, health systems need to be aware and ensure that factors like these are considered when building, implementing new care programs, and generally structuring care and payment models.
Will this lawsuit yield any significant changes to the insurance behemoth?
UnitedHealthcare is in the hot seat once again, this time for fraudulent Medicare Advantage billing practices, placing the health insurance giant under a civil fraud investigation by the Department of Justice. Specifically, the Department of Justice (DOJ) is evaluating the company’s protocols for recording diagnoses that can result in extra payments for the company’s Medicare Advantage plans, according to a report by The Wall Street Journal (WSJ). Additionally, UnitedHealth is also under fire for pursuing employee buyouts and potential layoffs.
As the saga continues, here's what to know.
This Time Around
A report by the WSJ revealed that UnitedHealth employed aggressive tactics to push lucrative patient diagnoses. Sources at the WSJ said doctors working for UnitedHealth said they were trained to document higher revenue-generating diagnoses, even if they were not treating them. Further, the insurer is accused of using software to suggest additional conditions and allegedly were even offered financial incentives to clinicians who agreed to code these additional diagnoses.
Pushing back, UnitedHealth said it wasn’t aware of the start of any new coding or diagnostic activity as the paper reported. Moreover, it criticized the WSJ’s report and posted a statement on its website saying: "Any suggestion that our practices are fraudulent is outrageous and false."
UnitedHealthcare business, part of UnitedHealth Group, covers more than 7.8 million people, making it the nation's largest provider of Medicare Advantage plans.
A Muddled Industry
Medicare Advantage was introduced to the American public as an avenue to save money by allowing private insurers to manage Medicare benefits more efficiently. But now, it's turned into a bloated program that has eaten up federal dollars far more than traditional Medicare ever did, resulting in a $140 billion overpayment to private insurers.
United has faced at least 12 lawsuits in the past seven years, accompanied by dozens of reports. This is also not UnitedHealth's first investigation for Medicare Advantage practices. In fact, the insurer is one of many exposed for fraudulent billing practices.
"Even as lawsuits and government reports pile up, the industry continues to report massive profits. And UnitedHealth isn't alone—other major insurers, including Humana and Cigna, have also faced accusations of inflating Medicare bills," wrote Wendell Porter, former vice president of Cigna and advocate for health insurance payment reform.
Other Voices
Also caught up in UnitedHealth's legal challenges is billionaire Bill Ackman, CEO of Pershing Square Capital Management. Earlier this month, Ackman, a globally prominent investor, publicly offered to cover the legal fees for a Texas physician in a dispute with UnitedHealth Group over her claims that the insurer pulled her out of a surgery to justify the patient's care.
Later at the request of UnitedHealth, Ackman took down a post on X that was critical of the insurer after lawyers for UnitedHealth told him that the doctor's claims that he had magnified on social media were false. Ackman stated that he has no position in UnitedHealth.
An earlier post of Ackman's called on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to investigate UnitedHealth and suggested that the insurer's "profitability is massively overstated due to its denial of medically necessary procedures."
Sen. Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, is another figure calling for the insurer to be closely looked at for its billing practices.
The WSJ reported that Sen. Grassley sent a letter to UnitedHealth CEO Andrew Witty asking for a closer look at how the company handles Medicare Advantage billing. Grassley's letter argued that "the apparent fraud, waste, and abuse at issue is simply unacceptable and harms not only Medicare beneficiaries, but also the American taxpayer," according to WSJ.
Stock dips
UnitedHealth's stock has taken a deeper dive since the news of the investigation broke, although it has begun to slightly rebound since; company shares dropped 9% last Friday.
Some Wall Street analysts have expressed skepticism that the DOJ probe would yield any significant changes, given that the alleged practices in question are not likely unique to UnitedHealth.
UnitedHealth Group is the biggest healthcare conglomerate in the United States based on revenue. It touts more than $420 billion market cap, and it is the nation's largest private insurer. Cigna and Humana have both been under scrutiny for their MA billing as well, and those company stocks also took a dip.
The Bigger Picture
UnitedHealth's stocks might have decreased slightly, but the insurer has been in a downturn since December last year, when UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson was murdered in New York City. The horrific tragedy left the industry, and the country at large, shocked. But the shock was also countered by a widespread outpouring of consumer resentment for the insurance giant, highlighting the contention placed on healthcare insurers, and UnitedHealth specifically, for denying care.
UnitedHealth is also still grappling with the fallout from a massive cyberattack on its subsidiary Change Healthcare. The event compromised the protected health information of about 190 million individuals, and UnitedHealth has paid out more than $3 billion to providers affected as well as a $22 million ransom to the attackers. Witty was probed at a Senate hearing last spring for the cyberattack, with senators from all sides questioning the size of the insurer and how much power it holds.
The current civil fraud lawsuit is just a drop in the bucket of what UnitedHealthCare has faced for its practices and how it interacts with patients and the industry. Throughout all of this, one thing is certain: change must be implemented. What the change will be and whether it will be able to reign in UnitedHealth is unclear.
