Avoiding air medical transfers of newborns from community hospitals to tertiary hospitals saves an average of $18,000 per flight.
Intermountain Healthcare's neonatal telehealth service has improved quality of care at community hospitals and reduced risky transfers of critically ill newborns, recent research published in Health Affairs shows.
Earlier studies have shown that 10% of newborns require breathing assistance, and 1% need resuscitation. Although hospital-based clinicians who care for newborns attend biannual newborn resuscitation programs, researchers have found key skills decline within months of course attendance.
Intermountain's neonatal telehealth service provides clinical and educational support at 17 Intermountain facilities and four partner hospitals that do not have neonatologists on staff. The telehealth service provides access to neonatologists based at four Intermountain tertiary hospitals with neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
This week, a co-author of the Health Affairs research told HealthLeaders that the neonatal telehealth service is a valuable capability at community hospitals.
"We use a synchronous, video connection with bedside teams. These teams provide hands on care for the newborn and may be guided through procedures by the neonatologists. These specialists provide their expertise for newborns that are delivered at rural or community hospitals that were previously not typically managed at these hospitals, but often transported to larger facilities," said Stephen Minton, MD, neonatology medical director at Intermountain's Utah Valley Hospital in Provo.
Minton's research team examined newborn transfer data over a yearlong period at eight hospitals participating in the neonatal telehealth program. The researchers found that the program reduced the odds of a neonatal transfer 29.4%. This figure was associated with an estimated 67 fewer transfers annually and cost savings of $1.2 million.
Avoiding transfer of critically ill babies helps support the financial viability of community hospitals and has clinical benefits such as averting the risk handoff communication errors and high-altitude flights.
The neonatal telehealth program features several services and benefits.
For newborns such as premature infants who require transfer to a NICU, neonatologists are available to guide pre-transport stabilization until the specialized neonatal transport team arrives
Neonatologists, who are familiar with unique newborn physiology and emergency procedures, act as subject matter experts and coach bedside teams for infants who have serious conditions such as infections
When a need for neonatologist assistance is identified prior to delivery, a consultation can be scheduled prior to birth
Synchronous resuscitation support at the bedside creates educational opportunities for hospital staff to learn from neonatologists
The costs to implement the neonatal telehealth service were limited, Minton said. "No additional FTE were added for the newborn critical care program, only the dedicated efforts of physician champions. The service was implemented with technology and implementation support from telehealth team."
The American College of Physicians is promoting principles that are designed to support authentic participation of patients and family members in clinical care.
Patient- and family-centered care is an approach to healthcare featuring partnerships between healthcare providers, patients, and family members, according to an American College of Physicians position paper published this month in Annals of Internal Medicine.
Research has shown that patient-centered care is essential to achieve the Triple Aim—improving patient experience and health outcomes while simultaneously reducing costs. Patient-centered care also generates other benefits such as reducing hospital admissions and surgical procedures.
"Increasing evidence shows that patient and family partnership in care can improve health outcomes, practice efficiency, and patient and professional satisfaction. Patient- and family-centered strategies have been shown to reduce use of healthcare resources, result in fewer referrals and diagnostic tests, and lower healthcare costs," the ACP position paper says.
The four ACP principles for patient- and family-centered care include enacting strategies.
Principle 1: Treat patients and families with dignity and respect
The unique nature of every patient and family should be respected, and their preferences and values should be incorporated into delivery of healthcare. Research has shown that patients consider dignity and respect in behaviors such as recognizing the patient as an individual and paying attention to the patient's needs.
Communicating respectfully with the patient as a whole person during interviews and office visits
Listening to patients without interrupting
Asking patients whether they want family members and caregivers involved in healthcare discussions
Inquiring about whether patients have religious or cultural beliefs that should be accounted for in treatment
Principle 2: Include patients and families as active partners in care
Patients and families should participate in care to a degree of their choosing, and their perspectives should be recognized. Patients should be engaged in their care through shared decision making and collaborative goal setting.
Include patients and family members during bedside-rounds discussions
Honor patient preferences on following recommendations
Provide educational material such as after-visit summaries to increase patient knowledge
Principle 3: Give patients and families chances to impact health systems
Patients and families should help design, improve, and evaluate health systems and hospitals. Patients and families can contribute in ways that augment the perspectives of healthcare professionals. For example, patients and families have helped redesign waiting rooms, evaluate educational materials, as assess patient portal functionality.
Seek patient and family perspectives through surveys or focus groups
Include patients on committees for performance measurement and clinical guidelines
Request patient comments on purchases of capital equipment
Principle 4: Enlist patients and families in educating healthcare professionals
As the healthcare sector shifts toward team-based care, patients and families can play a key role in educating clinicians and other staff members. As opposed to a focus on diagnosis and treatment of disease, medical education is increasingly directed at teamwork and patient partnership, which are well-suited for involvement of patients and families.
Include patients and family members in teaching rounds
Pair medical students and residents with chronic-illness patients to help them navigate their care
Invite patients and families to serve on curriculum committees
Better antibiotic stewardship is needed to decrease inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions in ambulatory care settings, according to CDC researchers.
Antibiotics stewardship at urgent care centers is in the spotlight after the release of a pair of recent studies.
Appropriate prescribing of antibiotics by healthcare providers is essential to help avoid the development of antibiotic-resistant infections, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls one of the most severe public health problems in the country. About 23,000 Americans die annually from an antibiotic-resistant infection, the CDC says.
In July, CDC researchers published a study in JAMA Internal Medicine that found inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for respiratory conditions was highest in the urgent care setting at 45.7% of patient visits. Emergency departments were the second highest at 24.6% of patient visits. The research was based on 2014 data.
"Antibiotic stewardship interventions could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions in all ambulatory care settings, and efforts targeting urgent care centers are urgently needed," the CDC researchers wrote.
This fall, DocuTAP, an urgent care electronic health record company, released an antibiotics stewardship report based on 2017 and 2018 data. The DocuTAP research found inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for respiratory conditions in urgent care centers at 32.4% of patient visits.
"While we all have work to do when it comes to antibiotic prescribing, this data confirms that the rate at which urgent cares are inappropriately prescribing antibiotics is in line with other segments of the healthcare market," the DocuTAP report says.
Laurel Stoimenoff, PT, CEO of the Warrenville, Illinois-based Urgent Care Association, says there are three primary ways that urgent care providers can improve antibiotics stewardship.
1. Self-monitor with EMR
Robust EHR systems allow urgent care centers to monitor the prescribing activity of individual healthcare providers for inappropriate antibiotic utilization, Stoimenoff says.
"The electronic health record can allow you to pull data by prescribing physician. If a diagnosis was bronchitis, I would like to be able to run a query with that diagnosis and the prescribing physician. The electronic health record can help us self-monitor what is happening in our organizations," she says.
2. Encourage proper ICD-10 coding
In addition to having a robust EHR, urgent care centers should mandate healthcare providers to use the most specific ICD-10 code possible to enable antibiotic prescription self-monitoring, Stoimenoff says.
"If research is being done with retrospective evaluations, and you are picking the easiest and most conspicuous diagnosis at the top of the code selections, you are not giving the data that we need to determine whether an antibiotic was appropriate," she says.
3. Educate patients
One of the most daunting challenges of antibiotics stewardship in the urgent care setting is patient expectations, Stoimenoff says.
"About 20% to 40% of our patients do not have a primary care doctor. Oftentimes when they get to us, they are very sick, and they come in with an expectation [that] they are not going to be satisfied unless they walk out of the clinic with an antibiotic," she says.
To address this expectation, healthcare providers should talk with patients about the difference between viral infections—which are inappropriate for antibiotics—and bacterial infections.
"If a patient has a long-term relationship with a primary care physician, the doctor can tell the patient an antibiotic is unnecessary and there is credibility with the patient. If the patient goes to an urgent care and sees a provider for the first time, the patient may say they are not leaving the clinic without an antibiotic," she says.
When patients have an expectation of getting an antibiotic, urgent care providers need to steer the conversation away from antibiotics, Stoimenoff says.
"There are techniques to make the patient feel confident. It's looking them in the eye or sitting down to change the perception of how much time you are spending with the patient. A great thing I have heard providers say is, 'If you were my mother, this is what I would do for her.' That gets the patient thinking they are in the same class as the doctor's family member," she says.
Clinics can also educate patients with posters and videos that explain the difference between viral and bacterial infections.
Limiting business risk
Antibiotics stewardship efforts at urgent care centers and other ambulatory care settings should be supported by a broad public health campaign, Stoimenoff says.
"We need a public relations campaign just like we have had for seatbelts and smoking. People need to understand that antimicrobial resistance is very real and frightening. It's going to continue to happen unless we all change our behaviors, and the consumer has to be part of that equation because of their expectations," she says.
Unless patients are better informed, urgent care centers with judicious antibiotics stewardship should be prepared to face a business risk from bad online reviews on platforms such as Yelp, Stoimenoff says.
"I would make sure there was a comprehensive educational program for providers and the entire staff. I would want everyone to understand that we were providing good care and that patients should walk away from the clinic feeling we cared about them. It could have negative business effects if patients go online and say, 'I had a $50 co-pay and no antibiotic.' "
The John Hopkins Children's Center approach to cardiopulmonary resuscitation increases compliance with American Heart Association guidelines.
A new approach to cardiopulmonary resuscitation is helping to save children's lives at Johns Hopkins Children's Center in Baltimore.
Pediatric CPR is a challenge in the hospital setting. Every year, more than 6,000 children have in-hospital cardiac arrest and most do not survive to discharge.
In 2013, Johns Hopkins Children's Center started developing a new approach to CPR—Coaching, Objective‐Data Evaluation, Action‐linked phrases, Choreography, Ergonomics, Structured debriefing, and Simulation (CODE ACES2). The children's hospital published research on the approach this month.
Johns Hopkins Children's Center staff can reliably start chest compressions within 10 seconds, the lead author of the research, Elizabeth Hunt, MD, MPH, PhD, told HealthLeaders recently.
"The idea is to teach in medicine similar to how world class chess players, athletes and musicians train—to practice the right way over and over again while getting feedback from an expert mentor. This also helps our resuscitation team to decrease variability," said Hunt, who is director of the Johns Hopkins Medicine Simulation Center and an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Under the CODE ACES2 approach, a debriefing is held after every cardiac arrest to review challenges that the resuscitation team encountered and identify any deviations from best practices.
From 2013 to 2016, more than 300 cardiac arrests were debriefed. During this period, the probability of attaining excellent CPR based on American Heart Association (AHA) compliance for rate, depth, and chest compression fraction rose from 19.9% to 44.3%.
CODE ACES2 has seven essential elements.
1. CPR coach plays monitor role
Use of a CPR coach is a unique aspect of CODE ACES2. The CPR coach monitors the chest compressor and airway manager for compliance with AHA guidelines, allowing the code team leader to focus on higher-level problem solving and managing the patient.
"This means as soon as the CPR coach notices the compressor stop chest compressions for any reason, they are very likely to notice immediately because they are not distracted by other tasks such as giving medications. As soon as they notice the pause, they will personally take over compressions then tell the compressor to take over from them," Hunt said.
2. Data gathered and evaluated
After every cardiac arrest, all data is gathered from the bedside monitor, defibrillator, EHR, and emergency alert systems. Metrics used to analyze the data include chest compression depth, chest compression rate, and time from loss of pulse to initiation of compressions.
Data is a key facet of CODE ACES2 debriefings. "Areas of high and low guidelines compliance are discussed during the debriefing to identify event factors that hinder or enhance performance," Hunt and her fellow researchers wrote.
3. Action-linked phrases encouraged
CPR team members speak observations aloud and link them with resuscitation actions such as, "There's no pulse, I'm starting compressions," which can decrease the time to starting compressions.
4. Choreography mapped out
The resuscitation team should have a shared mental model of how the team interacts with a room, the equipment, the patient, and each other. To keep resuscitation activities going, the CPR coach and code team leader are trained to direct team members to continue their tasks while next steps are discussed.
5. Ergonomics diagrammed
Johns Hopkins Children's Center used pre- and post-event "room diagramming" to attain the best room layout for a patient in cardiac arrest. Pre-event room diagrams include the location of surgeons, nurses, chest compressors, and defibrillators. The diagram plans were practiced in monthly resuscitation simulations. Unnecessary furniture and equipment were removed.
Room diagrams drawn after an event are part of data presented at debriefings.
6. Debriefing embraced
A CODE‐ACES2 debriefing takes about 45 minutes and starts with a privacy and confidentiality acknowledgement. The debriefing features clinical data analysis, review of peer-to-peer debriefing forms, examination of relevant therapy such as pharmacy, and critiques of CPR quality.
Staff members who participate in the briefing include the physician or nurse who was attending the patient before the cardiac arrest, the rescuer who initiated chest compressions, code team leader, CPR coach, airway manager, and pharmacist.
7. Simulations inform and prepare resuscitation teams
The optimal position of the CPR coach opposite from the chest compressor was determined through simulations, along with the positioning for the code team leader and defibrillator. Simulation has helped perfect other facets of the CODE‐ACES2 approach such as placement of the backboard.
Health systems and hospitals can adopt effective strategies to address disruptions of patient sleep, mobility, nutrition, and mood.
Trauma of hospitalization such as disruptions in sleep, mobility, nutrition, and mood are associated with increased risk of readmission and ER visits after discharge, recent research shows.
Evidence is mounting that negative patient experiences during hospitalization can hinder rather than encourage recovery from illness. A 2013 study linked hospitalization to physiologic disturbances that make patients vulnerable to new or recurrent illnesses after discharge. In addition to patient suffering, readmissions and ER visits after discharge increase cost of care significantly.
This month in JAMA Internal Medicine, researchers found that a high degree of hospital disruption was associated with a 15.8% greater absolute risk of readmission or emergency department visits after discharge.
"The trauma of hospitalization, characterized by disturbances in sleep, mobility, nutrition, and mood, was common among medical inpatients and appeared to be associated with a markedly greater risk of 30-day readmission or ED visit," the researchers wrote.
The study featured 207 patients and focused on four metrics: sleep, mobility, nutrition, and mood. Patients who experienced disturbances in at least three of the metrics were categorized as high trauma. Nearly 30% of patients were listed in the high trauma category.
Trauma of hospitalization has multiple negative impacts on inpatients, the researchers wrote. For example, mobility disruption during hospitalization has been linked to loss of independence, persistent functional decline, and increased risk of readmission.
Easing trauma of hospitalization
The lead author of the research, Shail Rawal, MD, MPH, told HealthLeaders that there are effective strategies to address trauma of hospitalization, particularly if interventions target multiple sources of disruption.
"Our findings suggest that most people experience disturbances in more than one domain, and that the cumulative effect of disturbances has a greater impact on outcomes than disturbance in one domain alone. For this reason, we hypothesize that a multimodal approach to addressing disturbances in sleep, mobility, nutrition, and mood would be more effective than efforts targeting a single domain," said Rawal, a staff physician at Toronto Western Hospital in Canada.
Rawal, who is also an assistant professor in the Department of Medicine at University of Toronto, said there are interventions for all four of the hospital disruptions examined in her team's research.
Interventions to improve sleep in a hospital include reducing night-time alarms and other noise, dimming ambient light, and minimizing overnight disruptions such as unnecessary assessment of vital signs. There is also evidence to support the use of eye-masks, earplugs, white noise machines, and warm blankets.
Given that hospitalized patients often spend most of their time in bed or in their room, getting patients out of bed on a scheduled basis can reduce disturbances in mobility. Serving meals in a communal setting or organizing other ward-based activities for patients can also help improve mobility.
Disturbances in nutrition can be reduced by ensuring that patients are assessed by a dietician, minimizing interruptions to meals, and assisting patients who are unable to feed themselves. Patients can also be encouraged to bring in comforting food from home.
Interventions to improve mood in the hospital have not been well-studied but could center on efforts to reduce uncertainty. Interventions include providing patients with an orientation to the hospital, a daily schedule of activities, and a clear list of team members and their roles.
In NP, PA, and physician treatment of diabetes patients, no significant difference is found in three clinical measures.
Nurse practitioners and physician assistants are as well equipped to treat patients with chronic illnesses as physicians, recent research indicates.
The finding is a boost for advocates of deploying nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) to ease the country's physician shortage. The country is facing a projected shortfall as high as 104,000 physicians by 2030, according to a report by the Association of American Medical Colleges.
Research published last month in Annals of Internal Medicine found no significant clinical variation in care for treatment of diabetes by nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians.
"In our study, we did not identify any clinically meaningful differences in commonly measured intermediate diabetes outcomes among patients with NP, PA, or physician primary care providers," the lead author of the research, George Jackson, PhD, MHA, of Durham VA Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, told HealthLeaders this week.
The study featured 368,000 adult patients. The clinical measures examined were continuous and dichotomous control of hemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
"No clinically significant variation was found among the three primary care provider types with regard to diabetes outcomes, suggesting that similar chronic illness outcomes may be achieved by physicians, NPs, and PAs," Jackson and his colleagues wrote.
Diabetes has key characteristics that are similar to many other chronic illnesses, Jackson said.
"Diabetes represents an important indicator of care quality because it involves both complex medication management and helping patients learn to how to manage the illness themselves; for example, taking medicine as prescribed, changing diet, or getting more exercise," he said.
In the primary care setting, it appears ill-advised to place limits on the conditions that NPs and PAs treat, Jackson said.
"I would not say there are specific conditions that per se should or should not be cared for by specific types of primary care providers. Like all clinicians, primary care providers consider specific patient circumstances when deciding which other clinicians should be included as part of the care team or consulted when addressing patient needs," he said.
An editorial accompanying the Jackson team's research calls for giving NPs and PAs a higher degree of respect.
"It is time to stop calling NPs and PAs 'midlevel' providers, as is common in certain systems. Nurse practitioners and PAs are competent primary care providers in their own right and should be fully accepted as such," the editorial says.
Several steps are required to accelerate home care safety, including a commitment to self-determination and fostering a safety culture.
Initiatives to improve home care safety are far behind safety efforts in the hospital setting, according to a presentation at this week's IHI National Forum.
There are several sources of potential patient harm in the home, including adverse medication events, fall hazards, injuries related to medical equipment such as oxygen fires, infections, and medical conditions linked to poor nutrition. For health systems and hospitals, home hazards can lead to costly readmissions, and accountable care organizations face higher costs of care.
"Safety culture is a concept in hospitals," said Alice Bonner, PhD, RN, secretary of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Elder Affairs, and a presenter at the IHI National Forum session "Advancing Safe Care in the Home Setting."
"It's a culture where people can learn when errors happen in order to prevent serious harm and people can look at data to continuously learn from each other. We have learned this in hospitals pretty well; but in home care, this is a new concept," she said.
Bonner presented five principles and related recommendations to improve home care safety that are featured in a recent IHI report.
1. Self-determination and person-centered care
Many people such as the disabled do not view themselves as patients in their home. Honoring self-determination in the home balances autonomy with risk mitigation. A person-centered approach is broader than patient-centered care, accounting for family members, all caregivers, and the support that care recipients need to be active participants in their care.
For care workers, a benevolent communication style is crucial to advancing safety in the home, Bonner said. "It means asking questions and sitting down with someone and trying to breakdown an us versus them dichotomy. You need to say, 'I'm here to help you reach your goals. I need to get to know you. I need to understand you. I need to know what is most important to you.' "
Meaningful and relevant educational tools should be provided to home care recipients such as one-page information sheets about safety risks.
Tools and strategies to provide person-centered care should be employed, including a standardized assessment of the care recipient's needs that is based on the recipient's values and accessible to all caregivers.
2. Safety culture
Safety in the home requires an overarching commitment to safety from all organizations and individuals involved in the effort. "There are not just physical but also emotional and psychological aspects of safe care in the home for the care recipient, the home care workers, and family members. It's not just the caregiver burden," Bonner said.
Home care organizations and workers should create a safety culture vision such as discussing safety risks during every encounter with the care recipient and family members.
The emotional and physical safety of family caregivers and home care workers should be a top concern.
3. Learning and improvement
Developing a learning system is essential to improving home care safety. A learning system features leadership, transparency, reliability, measurement, improvement, and continuous learning. For example, widely sharing safety data and best practices across multiple healthcare organizations can significantly improve care recipient safety.
To support a learning system, build a measurement and reporting infrastructure such as population-based studies to determine the prevalence and types of harm. At least initially, measurement sets that gauge harm can be simple and easy to adopt.
Sharing data on home care safety requires creating a culture and expectation of transparency such as encouraging voluntary reporting of medical errors in the home.
Safety and improvement skills should be taught to all care workers and caregivers including simulation courses.
Intensive improvement collaboratives on risks such as adverse medication events should be created for early adopter organizations, with lessons learned widely distributed to partners.
4. Care coordination
Home care workers cannot function effectively in a vacuum, and they should have a coordinated team that includes supervision, management, and accountability. Team-based care is crucial to avoid medical errors, particularly during transitions of care.
The care recipient should have a care plan that is accessible to all healthcare providers, home care workers, and family caregivers.
Foster team-based care such as striving for consistent home care worker staffing that builds a strong relationship with the care recipient.
Promote the use of community-based services and underutilized resources such as behavioral health and firefighters.
Electronic medical records and other technology assets can boost care coordination.
5. Policies and payment models
Home care providers face a challenge from policies and payment models that fragment care in the home setting such as Medicaid waivers that only cover certain services.
Home care providers should encourage the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and commercial payers to test new payment models such as financing through community-based organizations.
Lobbying for reforms should also focus on reduction of regulatory burden.
Partnership with Miami-based company features high-intensity primary care with capitated financing model.
OhioHealth is teaming up with a senior primary care company to open three new clinics next year that will serve low- to moderate-income seniors in Columbus.
Medical care is costliest for Americans over age 65, research shows. For example, medical expenses more than double between the ages of 70 and 90. In 2010, medical spending for people over 65 accounted for one-third of U.S. medical expenditures.
OhioHealth is opening senior primary care clinics as a high-impact starting point in a broader strategy to tailor care offerings to specific classes of patients, says Michael Krouse, senior vice president, and chief strategy and transformation officer, at OhioHealth.
"We have chosen to start in the senior arena because they are driving the majority of the dollar spend in healthcare. They are older, less healthy, often underserved, and driving about 80% of healthcare costs. To disrupt and have an impact, this is the best place to start," Krouse says.
The new clinics will be sited in neighborhoods that are underserved by primary care providers, he says. "The bottom line is serving as many people in our community as we possibly can, with an eye toward minimizing total cost and an eye toward maximizing access. This model fits very well with that mission."
Capitation and high-touch care
OhioHealth's new partner is Miami-based ChenMed, a senior primary care company that is teaming up with a health system for the first time. By next year, ChenMed will be operating more than 60 clinics in eight states.
ChenMed clinics, including the OhioHealth practices set to open in Columbus, are high-touch facilities that operate under a capitated financing model, says Gaurov Dayal, MD, president of new markets and chief growth officer for ChenMed.
"The capitated payment per member per month is much higher than what we would receive in a fee-for-service model. On the other hand, the expenses are much higher," Dayal says.
"Out of our own budget, we pay for hospitalizations. One admission for a patient might cost $10,000, which is higher than the annual premium we receive. However, if we can keep patients healthy by providing them with very good preventative care and great access so they don't go to the emergency room, those savings accrue to us. When you start spreading those savings over seven or eight states, you have an actuarial risk pool with significantly lower total costs," he says.
There are several elements of ChenMed's high-touch approach to senior care.
Patient panels cap out at 400 as opposed to patient panels at traditional primary care practices, which can be higher than 2,500 per physician
Onsite specialty visits such as cardiologists
Transportation services
Onsite pharmacy and radiology services
"We see our patients often and manage them very closely. On average, our doctors see their patients once a month, which is about 10 times more than the average primary care physician," Dayal says.
The frequency of the interactions elevates the clinical care, Krouse says.
"If you have a patient who has many complex conditions, the best way to provide clinical care is to talk with them and work with them on a regular basis. If they are not filling their prescriptions, or they are not showing up where you need them to be, you can intervene far more easily if you are seeing them regularly," he says.
The ChenMed model's frequency and intensity of care generates positive outcomes, recent research shows. Data published in American Journal of Managed Care include about a 50% reduction in hospitalization, 33% reduction in emergency room utilization, and 28% reduction in costs.
Serving the underserved
Krouse says neighborhoods that are "deserts of primary care" are an opportunity for OhioHealth to improve population health and lower total cost of care.
"They are clearly in underserved areas because the traditional healthcare model doesn't bode well for establishing a new practice in those communities and meeting the desire of physicians to make revenue. We are targeting these communities because when you take the long-term view of an unhealthy life and a desert of primary care, patients go to the emergency room, they go to the hospitals, they go to places that are available to them. Those are clearly the most expensive places to seek out care," he says.
The ChenMed model for senior primary care clinics in underserved neighborhoods has the potential for national scale, Dayal says.
"The need for this model exists in every city. There are underserved seniors in practically every part of the country. There's a lot we can do for these patients nationally, and we are looking forward to working with more health systems."
For patients with multiple morbidities, multidisciplinary care team meetings can develop valuable approaches to effective treatment.
Having complex care conferences in the primary care setting for high-risk patients can boost care coordination and collaboration, a clinical leader from Providence Health and Services said at this week's IHI National Forum.
High-risk patients with multiple morbidities pose daunting challenges for health systems, hospitals, and physician practices, which often struggle to adequately manage patients with multiple health conditions, leading to high mortality rates, increased costs, and other negative outcomes.
At Providence, complex care conferences at primary care practices are fostering a team-based approach to treatment, Vanessa Casillas, PsyD, director of psychology at the Renton, Washington-based health system, told HealthLeaders after her forum presentation.
"One of the top reasons for complex care conferences is that the more intense the needs a patient has the more people who tend to be involved in the care. This is about coordinating and collaborating," she said.
The primary result of a complex care conference is a care plan that identifies two to four salient items such as medication adherence for care team members to focus upon.
"Care conferences help determine what we should be doing. We may decide to let some goals fall away in the short-term because they don't make sense. We want to get the patient engaged without overwhelming them," Casillas said.
During her forum presentation, she said there are four essential elements of effective complex care conferences.
1. Stratifying patient risk
To determine which patients could benefit from complex care conferences, Providence risk stratifies patients into four cohorts: very intense, intense, moderate, and low.
Providence developed its own computerized risk stratification algorithm that includes emergency room visits, hospital admissions, high-risk medications, and behavioral health diagnoses.
Care teams validate the computerized risk stratification. For example, some patients who are categorized as very intense risk could be shifted to a lower-risk tier if their comorbidities are managed well.
2. Preparing for complex care conferences
Casillas says "pre-work" for a conference helps identify which very intense risk patients are appropriate for a team meeting and ensures meaningful use of time.
Advance preparation should include a determination of why a conference would likely generate a valuable discussion.
Pre-work should include determining a patient's status and whether the patient has shared treatment goals with staff.
Barriers to care such as social determinants of health, physical barriers, and financial barriers should be identified.
The patient's support system should be evaluated to see whether there are people actively involved in their day-to-day life who could help the care team.
3. Conducting complex care conferences
Anyone who is actively involved in a patient's care can participate in a conference, including primary care physicians, embedded case managers, embedded behavioral health providers, embedded pharmacists, nurses, and clinic managers. Offsite healthcare staff such as ER physicians can attend in person or via a teleconference connection.
The conference should have a facilitator, who does not necessarily have to be a primary care physician. In most cases, the best facilitator is the person who knows the patient best.
The conference should be documented, including a list of attendees.
The electronic health record should be available to review if necessary.
Every discipline at the conference adds value, so each person in attendance should have an opportunity to contribute to the discussion.
Action items should be identified and assigned to care team members.
4. Following up after complex care conferences
After a conference is held, follow-up work is crucial to ensure time has been well spent and the patient's care plan is executed and widely distributed.
Document the care plan in the patient's chart.
Communicate the care plan to all care team members, particularly staff who were unable to attend the conference.
Distribute the care plan to all related care settings such as emergency departments.
Schedule a visit for the patient to review the care plan, with adequate time for the patient to ask questions.
Develop contingencies in case the care is unsuccessful or unanticipated barriers to care are encountered.
The physician executive's goals for the CMO role include fostering a high-reliability approach to care and using artificial intelligence to reduce medical errors.
Eric Eskioglu, MD, the newly appointed executive vice president and chief medical officer at Novant Health in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, says his main focus in his new role is reducing patient harm and using artificial intelligence to do it. His solution can be correlated to his background as an aerospace engineer.
Eskioglu worked on fluid dynamics models in the aerospace industry, focusing on jet engines and how they interface with airplanes before he became a vascular neurosurgeon.
“That was my transition to medicine—working with fluid dynamics models and turbulence from jet engines and now looking at the blood vessels in the brain. It's all dynamics—whether it be gas or liquid," he says.
Eskioglu's aviation engineering career included working at Boeing in Seattle. He began his neurosurgical career at Vanderbilt University Medical School, where he was an assistant professor of neurological surgery.
He joined Novant in 2015 and expanded the health system's neurosciences program from 35 to 82 providers.
HealthLeaders recently spoke with Eskioglu, who officially began his CMO role in October, to find out about his leadership goals. Following is a lightly edited transcript of that conversation.
HL: What are your primary goals in the CMO role?
Eskioglu: Most CMO roles are traditional. They keep up with the regulatory environment, and they make sure the medical staff works well. Obviously, I have to maintain those parts of the CMO role, but I want to reinvent the role at Novant Health.
We want to get into strategy—how we build strategy for the clinical team and enable people to think about artificial intelligence. Because of my engineering background, I am extremely interested in AI. Medical knowledge doubles rapidly and the doubling is accelerating—our doctors are going to have a huge issue coping with this avalanche of knowledge, but we don't have the gift of time. Everybody talks about physician burnout—that's one of the reasons. We are getting so much data where we just can't cope with it.
My goal with AI is to work with the technology leaders—it could be Microsoft, it could be Google, it could be Apple—and team up to automate some of our processes with not only machine learning but also artificial neural networks. I want to be able to give back the gift of time to physicians, so we can lessen physician burnout, which will help us improve quality and efficiency as well as cut costs.
HL: How can AI have an impact in clinical care?
Eskioglu: One of my biggest goals in the CMO role is predicting which hospitalized patients are going to get sick before they get sick. Once they get sick, you can't turn back the hands of time.
We get so much data from our EMRs, but we don't use that data efficiently. We don't know what to do with that data. That's where artificial intelligence with machine learning can help. Using algorithms, we can see a chest x-ray does not look good or fevers are going up. Then, looking at past medical history we can see when patients got infected before and know that they are at risk. Doctors can then be alerted to look closely at these patients.
That kind of approach will sharpen our clinical expertise and reduce clinical errors. Nationwide, about a third of our medical care involves clinical errors. That's a huge amount of money we lose every year and a huge amount of patient suffering. We want to end that suffering. Patients come here to get well, but about a third of them get sicker because of what we do. That's not just at Novant—that's everywhere.
HL: What constitutes a good physician leader?
Eskioglu: The physician leader is a constantly evolving role. There are many challenges—governmental, clinical, and personality.
The biggest thing I have learned over the years as a physician executive is you have to listen more than you talk. That's tough for physicians—when you go to a doctor's office, who does most of the talking? It's the doctor, not the patient.
Another part of physician leadership is being collaborative. At medical school, we are taught to be the captain of the ship; but when you are a physician executive, you can't go it alone. You need to collaborate with different parts of the organization—whether it be your HR counterparts, your IT counterparts, or your chief nursing officer.
HL: What are the biggest opportunities for quality of care improvement at Novant?
Eskioglu: Our focus as a team is going to be zero tolerance for hospital-acquired infections, for serious safety events, and for any kind of harm we can do to patients while they are in the hospital. It's going to take some discipline and a methodical approach. I do not have a magic wand that I can wave and achieve change overnight.
This is our biggest focus now, and we will be teaming up with our digital chief executive. We are excited about bringing artificial intelligence to this effort and being able to use billions and billions of data to reduce errors.
I get told that it can't be done. I hate that phrase. It can be done. It's been done in the aerospace industry and we definitely can reduce errors in the healthcare industry.
We also are going to look at the quality of all physicians. Today, you can look for a car and see which car is best, but you can't do that for physicians. Patients don't have a good way to look at physicians.
We want to get a better handle on how we can improve the quality of our physicians and how we can lower costs. When my surgeons operate, they have no idea about what their surgery cost. When they get out of the operating room, our goal is to give them a receipt that quotes their charges, how much the total operation cost, the amount of time they spent, how they compare with their peers within Novant, and how they compare with their peers outside Novant.
We want to be transparent with our physicians. That should improve what we do tremendously.
